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Geoffrey (c. 1152 – 12 December 1212), sometimes called Geoffrey Plantagenet,〔Turner and Heiser ''Reign of Richard Lionheart'' p. 284〕 fitzPlantagenet,〔Wahlgren "Peter of Blois" ''English Historical Review'' p. 1205〕 or fitzRoy,〔Barlow ''Thomas Becket'' p. 325〕 was an illegitimate son of Henry II, King of England, who became bishop-elect of Lincoln and archbishop of York. The identity of his mother is uncertain, but she may have been named Ykenai. Geoffrey held several minor clerical offices before becoming Bishop of Lincoln in 1173, though he was not ordained as a priest until 1189. In 1173–1174, he led a campaign in northern England to help put down a rebellion by his legitimate half-brothers; this campaign led to the capture of William, King of Scots. By 1182, Pope Lucius III had ordered that Geoffrey either resign Lincoln or be consecrated as bishop; he chose to resign and became Chancellor instead. He was the only one of Henry II's sons present at the king's death. Geoffrey's half-brother Richard I nominated him archbishop of York after succeeding to the throne of England, probably to force him to become a priest and thus eliminate a potential rival for the throne. After some dispute Geoffrey was consecrated archbishop in 1191. He soon became embroiled in a conflict with William Longchamp, Richard's regent in England, after being detained at Dover on his return to England following his consecration in France. Geoffrey claimed sanctuary in the town, but he was seized by agents of Longchamp and briefly imprisoned in Dover Castle. Subsequently a council of magnates ordered Longchamp out of office, and Geoffrey was able to proceed to his archdiocese. The archbishop spent much of his archiepiscopate in various disputes with his half-brothers: first Richard and then John, who succeeded to the English throne in 1199. Geoffrey also quarrelled with his suffragan bishops, his cathedral chapter, and other clergy in his diocese. His last quarrel with John was in 1207, when the archbishop refused to allow the collection of a tax and was driven into exile in France. He died there five years later. ==Early life== Geoffrey was probably born in about 1152,〔Greenway ''(Fasti Ecclesiae Anglicanae 1066–1300: Volume 6: York: Archbishops )''〕 before his father Henry, later Henry II of England, married Eleanor of Aquitaine,〔Warren ''Henry II'' p. 78 note 1〕 and was likely named after his paternal grandfather, Geoffrey of Anjou.〔 Although he is often given the surname "Plantagenet" in modern histories, that name was not in use during his lifetime.〔Given-Wilson and Curteis ''Royal Bastards'' pp. 103–104〕 The date of his birth is determined by statements of Gerald of Wales that he was barely 20 when elected bishop in 1173, and by the fact that he was about 40 when consecrated archbishop in 1191. His mother's identity is unclear. The medieval chronicler Walter Map claimed she was a whore named Ykenai, and that he was not actually Henry's son. This is the only contemporary source that gives her name, and as Map was hostile to Geoffrey, the information must be judged carefully.〔 Instead, Ykenai may have been a daughter of a knight.〔 Another possibility for Geoffrey's mother is Rosamund Clifford, but most of the evidence for this is circumstantial. It is assumed that Geoffrey was the eldest of Henry's children, legitimate or illegitimate.〔 Geoffrey was brought up with Henry's legitimate children. There is no evidence that Henry tried to deny Geoffrey's paternity,〔 although Walter Map said that Henry's acknowledgment was done "improperly and with little discretion".〔Quoted in Jones "Generation Gap" ''Albion'' p. 28〕 Geoffrey had a brother named Peter,〔 who appears to have been his maternal half-brother,〔Given-Wilson and Curteis ''Royal Bastards'' p. 118〕 as Peter is generally considered unlikely to have been Henry's son.〔Given-Wilson and Curteis ''Royal Bastards'' p. 179〕 Geoffrey was Archdeacon of Lincoln in the diocese of Lincoln by September 1171, and probably retained that office until he was confirmed as bishop-elect in 1175.〔Greenway ''(Fasti Ecclesiae Anglicanae 1066–1300: Volume 3: Lincoln: Archdeacons of Lincoln )''〕 He also held a prebend,〔 an income from land owned by a cathedral chapter,〔McGurk ''Dictionary'' p. 32〕 in the diocese of London, but there is little evidence that he executed the duties of either office. There are some indications that he studied canon law at a school in Northampton, and that he taught in Paris during the early 1170s. He also acted as a papal judge-delegate at that time.〔 Pope Alexander III initially refused to confirm Geoffrey's selection as Bishop of Lincoln in about May 1173, prompting Geoffrey to travel to Rome in October 1174 to secure confirmation of this office. He was confirmed in the office of bishop by July 1175, but he was not ordained at that time,〔Greenway ''(Fasti Ecclesiae Anglicanae 1066–1300: Volume 3: Lincoln: Bishops of Lincoln )''〕 as he was under the canonical age for holding a bishopric.〔Morey ''Bartholomew of Exeter'' p. 37〕 Geoffrey's youth was one of Alexander's objections to Geoffrey's election, and the pope only confirmed the office under duress.〔 Another potential problem was Geoffrey's illegitimacy, which normally disbarred a person from holding ecclesiastical office, but that was dealt with by the granting of a papal dispensation.〔Cheney ''Roger of Worcester'' p. 215〕 In 1173 and early 1174 Geoffrey fought a military campaign in northern England in support of his father's attempts to subdue the Scots, who were supporting the rebellion by Geoffrey's legitimate half-brothers against their father. The campaign resulted in the capture of William the Lion, the King of Scots, at the Battle of Alnwick and also helped to compel Hugh du Puiset, the Bishop of Durham, to pledge fealty to Henry II.〔Lovatt "Geoffrey" ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography''〕 During the campaign, Geoffrey captured several castles held by Roger Mowbray, a supporter of the Scottish king.〔Scammell ''Hugh du Puiset'' pp. 38–39〕 It was after this campaign that Henry said of Geoffrey "My other sons are the real bastards. ... This is the only one who's proved himself legitimate!"〔Quoted in Lovatt "Geoffrey" ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography''〕 After Geoffrey was confirmed as bishop by Pope Alexander in 1175, the bishop-elect made a ceremonial visit to Lincoln on 1 August 1175. He subsequently went to study at Tours, where he probably befriended Peter of Blois, a medieval poet and diplomat who dedicated a later work on St Wilfrid to Geoffrey. The bishop-elect made several gifts to the cathedral at Lincoln, including two bells for the bell tower.〔 While Geoffrey was the bishop-elect at Lincoln, it appears that Adam, Bishop of St Asaph, carried out the episcopal duties in the diocese of Lincoln, as Geoffrey had not been consecrated and was unable to perform those functions.〔Richardson "Schools of Northampton" ''English Historical Review'' p. 599〕 Nevertheless, he managed to recover some lands of the diocese that had been lost as well as redeeming pawned ecclesiastical items. Although he aided the finances of his diocese with these recoveries, in 1180 he taxed his diocese heavily enough to earn him a rebuke from his father. In 1181 Pope Lucius III became concerned that Geoffrey was never going to be ordained or consecrated, and demanded that the bishop-elect's position be regularised, either through consecration as bishop or through resignation.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Geoffrey (archbishop of York)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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